Program
A PDF version of the program is now available here:
Keynote speakers

Lara Fuller
Associate Professor Lara Fuller, MBBS (Hons), FRACGP, GCME, AMusA, is Director of Rural Medical Education and the Rural Community Clinical School at Deakin University, Victoria. As an academic general practitioner, her teaching and research interests are in curriculum design for rural medical education, learning in longitudinal integrated clerkships, rural clinical training pathways and rural workforce outcomes. She is an active member of the Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators (AusFRAME) and the International Consortium of Longitudinal Integrated Clerkships (CLIC).
Portland District Health services a community of almost 20,000 people. Compared to the rest of Victoria, Portland has greater socioeconomic disadvantage, a higher proportion of people of Indigenous status, and higher rates of hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and psychological distress.
The hospital has 69 registered inpatient beds with a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week Urgent Care Centre (UCC). The UCC is deemed one of the busiest in Victoria, per population.
On 14 June 2018, Professor Paul Worley, the then National Rural Health Commissioner, visited Portland. Portland’s shortage of general practitioners (now critical) was a familiar issue confronting him.
As a result of this visit, Portland decided to ‘grow its own’ rural workforce using the already existing infrastructure, beginning with longitudinal medical student training and ending with advanced skills training posts, eventually producing rural generalist general practitioners to meet the needs of the community.
With the hospital adversely affected, with limited access to International Medical Graduate Hospital Medical Officers due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the timing was opportune.
The outcome of this process is an innovative and collaborative rural generalist pathway with the achieved steps as follows:
- Novel longitudinal internship program. In 2021, interns commenced working for six months in ‘medicine’ and six months in ‘surgery’, but each week begins with a day in the UCC and finishes with a day in general practice. The intern may see a patient in UCC with a FACEM on Monday, follow up care in the general ward Tuesday to Thursday with a physician or surgeon and review or admit patients in general practice with their GP supervisor on Friday.
- PMCV accreditation for a Rural Generalist Year 2 stream. The program comprises a six-month blended community paediatric and obstetric experience, with placements within the hospital, general practice and Aboriginal Medical Service, followed by six months in UCC with support to enrol in ACEM Emergency Certificate and Anaesthetic experience in a JCCA-approved training position.
- Advanced skills training posts in anaesthetics and paediatrics accredited and in emergency currently under development. Partnerships established with Barwon Health and Western Health and South West Healthcare.
- The development of posts that facilitate rural generalist consolidation for each of the above disciplines
The significant beneficiaries of this integrated approach to rural generalist pathways will be the Portland community.

Margaret Garde
In 1985 Margaret Garde arrived in Portland, Victoria, to join her partner, now husband. Being the only female GP, and the youngest by at least 10 years, brought with it a sense of professional isolation.
The disciplines in which she worked included family planning, occupational health, Aboriginal health, public health, forensic medicine, adolescent health and mental health. Now she has a strong interest in teaching and supporting students and doctors who wish to live and work in a rural location, with a strong emphasis on giving them the preparation they need to feel confident and secure.
Thus followed the hosting of a string of medical students, John Flynn Scholars, and cousins, children of friends or anyone else who was remotely interested in medicine as a career.
As is now well recognised, none of these wonderful people returned to Portland to work.
In 2012 the opportunity to work in Portland’s GP SuperClinic presented and, together with this, the ability to host Deakin University students from a rural background who reside in Portland for their 12-month placement.
This, together with a visit from Paul Worley, the then National Rural Health Commissioner, provided the inspiration for our longitudinal rural vocational experience.
Portland District Health services a community of almost 20,000 people. Compared to the rest of Victoria, Portland has greater socioeconomic disadvantage, a higher proportion of people of Indigenous status, and higher rates of hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and psychological distress.
The hospital has 69 registered inpatient beds with a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week Urgent Care Centre (UCC). The UCC is deemed one of the busiest in Victoria, per population.
On 14 June 2018, Professor Paul Worley, the then National Rural Health Commissioner, visited Portland. Portland’s shortage of general practitioners (now critical) was a familiar issue confronting him.
As a result of this visit, Portland decided to ‘grow its own’ rural workforce using the already existing infrastructure, beginning with longitudinal medical student training and ending with advanced skills training posts, eventually producing rural generalist general practitioners to meet the needs of the community.
With the hospital adversely affected, with limited access to International Medical Graduate Hospital Medical Officers due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the timing was opportune.
The outcome of this process is an innovative and collaborative rural generalist pathway with the achieved steps as follows:
- Novel longitudinal internship program. In 2021, interns commenced working for six months in ‘medicine’ and six months in ‘surgery’, but each week begins with a day in the UCC and finishes with a day in general practice. The intern may see a patient in UCC with a FACEM on Monday, follow up care in the general ward Tuesday to Thursday with a physician or surgeon and review or admit patients in general practice with their GP supervisor on Friday.
- PMCV accreditation for a Rural Generalist Year 2 stream. The program comprises a six-month blended community paediatric and obstetric experience, with placements within the hospital, general practice and Aboriginal Medical Service, followed by six months in UCC with support to enrol in ACEM Emergency Certificate and Anaesthetic experience in a JCCA-approved training position.
- Advanced skills training posts in anaesthetics and paediatrics accredited and in emergency currently under development. Partnerships established with Barwon Health and Western Health and South West Healthcare.
- The development of posts that facilitate rural generalist consolidation for each of the above disciplines
The significant beneficiaries of this integrated approach to rural generalist pathways will be the Portland community.

Christine Giles
Chris Giles is a senior executive with considerable experience leading and managing regional, rural and remote health services.
Chris has a strong clinical background as a nurse then midwife, which has proven very valuable in her recent executive roles. These executive roles include working in healthcare organisations in Western Australia, Victoria and Queensland.
Most recently, Chris has worked as the Chief Executive Officer of Portland District Health in south-west Victoria. Prior to this she spent three years living in the Torres Strait, working as a District CEO for Queensland Health.
Chris has a passion for finding solutions to wicked problems, often challenging the normal by finding innovative solutions to improve health service access and quality for rural and remote communities. Some of these solutions include extending scope of practice for clinicians, training cohorts of nurse practitioners and using technology such videoconferencing and electronic health records to overcome distance.
As a sideline, Chris is on the Board of the local catchment management authority, keen to ensure land and water resources are managed to ensure future generations can enjoy them as we do.
Portland District Health services a community of almost 20,000 people. Compared to the rest of Victoria, Portland has greater socioeconomic disadvantage, a higher proportion of people of Indigenous status, and higher rates of hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and psychological distress.
The hospital has 69 registered inpatient beds with a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week Urgent Care Centre (UCC). The UCC is deemed one of the busiest in Victoria, per population.
On 14 June 2018, Professor Paul Worley, the then National Rural Health Commissioner, visited Portland. Portland’s shortage of general practitioners (now critical) was a familiar issue confronting him.
As a result of this visit, Portland decided to ‘grow its own’ rural workforce using the already existing infrastructure, beginning with longitudinal medical student training and ending with advanced skills training posts, eventually producing rural generalist general practitioners to meet the needs of the community.
With the hospital adversely affected, with limited access to International Medical Graduate Hospital Medical Officers due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the timing was opportune.
The outcome of this process is an innovative and collaborative rural generalist pathway with the achieved steps as follows:
- Novel longitudinal internship program. In 2021, interns commenced working for six months in ‘medicine’ and six months in ‘surgery’, but each week begins with a day in the UCC and finishes with a day in general practice. The intern may see a patient in UCC with a FACEM on Monday, follow up care in the general ward Tuesday to Thursday with a physician or surgeon and review or admit patients in general practice with their GP supervisor on Friday.
- PMCV accreditation for a Rural Generalist Year 2 stream. The program comprises a six-month blended community paediatric and obstetric experience, with placements within the hospital, general practice and Aboriginal Medical Service, followed by six months in UCC with support to enrol in ACEM Emergency Certificate and Anaesthetic experience in a JCCA-approved training position.
- Advanced skills training posts in anaesthetics and paediatrics accredited and in emergency currently under development. Partnerships established with Barwon Health and Western Health and South West Healthcare.
- The development of posts that facilitate rural generalist consolidation for each of the above disciplines
The significant beneficiaries of this integrated approach to rural generalist pathways will be the Portland community.

Stan Grant
Stan Grant is the International Affairs Editor for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), a multi-award-winning current affairs host, an author and an adventurer.
Well known for having brought the former Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to tears when interviewed about Indigenous affairs on The Point, Stan’s keynotes are insightful, engaging, always professional and, at times, controversial.
Stan’s Aboriginal heritage has shaped his dynamic, resilient personality. Born in Griffith in south-west New South Wales (NSW) in 1963, Stan Grant’s mother is from the Kamilaroi people and his father is of the Wiradjuri.
Stan spent most of his childhood on the road living in small towns and Aboriginal communities across outback NSW. His father was an itinerant saw-miller who worked when and where he could. Stan moved so often he attended 12 different schools before he was in his teens.
The early travelling gave Stan a love of adventure and stories. He grew up listening to the tales of his grandfather and uncles and aunts. Despite poverty and an early sporadic education, the security of his family and the larger Aboriginal community gave him a strong platform for life.
After attending university, Stan won a cadetship with the Macquarie Radio Network, launching a career in journalism that has spanned more than 30 years and more than 70 countries. In that time Stan has travelled the world covering the major stories of our time from the release of Nelson Mandela, the troubles in Northern Ireland, the death of Princess Diana, war in Iraq, the second Palestinian intifada, the war on terror, the South Asia tsunami, the Pakistan earthquake and the rise of China.
Stan has hosted major news and current affairs programs on Australian commercial and public television. He has been a political correspondent for the ABC, a Europe correspondent for the Seven Network based in London and a senior international correspondent for the international broadcaster CNN based in Hong Kong and Beijing.
Returning to Australia in 2013, Stan continued to cover international events for Sky News Australia and reignited his passion for telling the stories of his own Indigenous people. He has worked as the Indigenous editor for The Guardian Australia, managing editor for National Indigenous Television and international editor for Sky News. In 2016 Stan was appointed as special adviser to the then Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull on Indigenous constitutional recognition.
Stan has won many major awards including an Australian TV Logie, a Columbia University Du-Pont Award (the broadcast equivalent of the Pulitzer Prize) and the prestigious United States Peabody Award. He is a four-time winner of the highly prized Asia TV Awards including reporter of the year.
Stan has written The Tears of Strangers and Talking To My Country (Harper Collins), and has published numerous articles and opinion pieces for The Sydney Morning Herald and The Australian.
Stan Grant is passionate about justice and humanity. His years of international reporting have given him a deep understanding of how the world works. He is deeply immersed in the politics and history of Asia and the Middle East. He can link the importance of leadership and the impact of history and, above all, believes in the power and resilience of people.
Stan is married to ABC Sports broadcaster, Tracey Holmes, and has four children. He lives in Sydney.
Booked through: Celebrity Speakers www.celebrityspeakers.com.au

Mark Howden
Professor Mark Howden is Director of the Institute for Climate, Energy and Disaster Solutions at The Australian National University.
He is also an Honorary Professor at Melbourne University, a Vice Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Chair of the ACT Climate Change Council. He was on the US Federal Advisory Committee for the Third National Climate Assessment, was a member of the Australian National Climate Science Advisory Committee and contributes to several major national and international science and policy advisory bodies.
Mark has worked on climate variability, climate change, innovation and adoption issues for over 30 years, in partnership with many industry, community and policy groups via both research and science-policy roles. Issues he has addressed include agriculture and food security, the natural resource base, ecosystems and biodiversity, energy, water and urban systems.
Mark has over 420 publications of different types. He helped develop both the national and international greenhouse gas inventories that are a fundamental part of the Paris Agreement and has assessed sustainable ways to reduce emissions. He has been a major contributor to the IPCC since 1991, with roles in the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and now Sixth Assessment Reports, sharing the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with other IPCC participants and Al Gore.

Gabrielle O'Kane
Gabrielle O’Kane is Chief Executive Officer of the National Rural Health Alliance, the peak body for rural health in Australia. She is an Adjunct Associate Professor with the University of Canberra and Charles Sturt University. Gabrielle has extensive experience in the private and public health sector, which has contributed to her deep understanding of the need for collaborative partnerships to support the rural health workforce and achieve positive health outcomes for rural communities. She promotes solutions to the Australian Government to address the needs of rural communities and health professionals, through her position on many pertinent steering groups and committees.

Roland Sapsford
The Climate and Health Alliance’s new Chief Executive Officer, Roland Sapsford, has been working to respond to the challenge of climate change and the task of reducing emissions through public policy and activism for much of his professional life.
This work has ranged from being involved in New Zealand’s first study of the impacts of carbon taxes and work on energy efficiency and home insulation policy, through to getting solar panels installed on a local community centre and campaigning against major road projects.
Roland once completed four years of a medical degree and was a senior manager in public health for five years. He has also studied economics and systems ecology to postgraduate level, and has a strong commitment to Indigenous rights.

Rabia Siddique
Rabia Siddique is a history-making humanitarian, best-selling author and multi-award-winning international keynote speaker. She is a sought after transformational coach and mentor and speaks English, French, Spanish and Arabic.
Current work
Rabia’s powerful and engaging presentations on leadership, resilience, equality and diversity draw on her personal story of strength, courage and forgiveness, in addition to her legal, military and psychology training. Surviving a hostage crisis in Iraq, Rabia garnered global attention for making the British military accountable for silencing her about her ordeal and role as a military lawyer in releasing captured Special Forces soldiers. Standing up for justice in the face of public ridicule, Rabia’s brave action in suing the British Government for sexism and racism became a catalyst for policy change to ensure a fairer workplace for women and cultural minorities in the British military.
Rabia is an expert commentator, regularly appearing in newspapers and magazines, and on television, radio and online media in Australia and around the globe, including The Guardian, 60 Minutes and ABC television.
With her best-selling memoir Equal Justice also the focus of a feature film, she is now writing her second book.
Rabia is an Ambassador for 100 Women, Angelhands, Esther Foundation, Inner Ninja (mental health support) and Ishar (multicultural health service). She is a Board Member of the International Foundation of Non-Violence, Museum of Freedom and Tolerance, Wesley College and Calan Williams Racing.
Previous experience
Law: Rabia’s extensive career as a criminal, terrorism, war crimes and human rights lawyer has taken her to Europe, the Middle East, South America, South East Asia and Australia.
Military: Her military career includes serving as a British Army officer in England, Northern Ireland and the Middle East. Rabia was one of England’s first Armed Forces Employment Law Officers – a role which took her to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst where she ran equality and diversity training. Among her charges was Prince William, the Duke of Cambridge.

Keith Suter
Dr Keith Suter is considered one of Australia’s most influential global futurists and media commentators in national and foreign affairs. He has also held many strategic leadership roles. Dr Suter is an experienced, professional and awarded presenter renowned for explaining complex global and business issues in a way his audiences can digest and understand. He is in demand as an MC and conference facilitator. Keith’s tailored keynotes, workshops and facilitated sessions are entertaining, highly compelling and always captivating.
In 2019 Keith was proudly appointed as a Member (AM) of the Order of Australia (General Division), for significant service to international relations and to the Uniting Church in Australia.
Previous experience
Academic expert: Dr Keith Suter has achieved three doctorates. The first of these was about the international law of guerrilla warfare (University of Sydney), the second about the social and economic consequences of the arms race (Deakin University) and a third doctorate on scenario planning (University of Sydney).
Leadership roles: He has been appointed to many prestigious roles throughout his career, including Chairperson of the International Commission of Jurists (NSW), Director of Studies at the International Law Association (Australian Branch) and Managing Director of the Global Directions think tank. After 25 years, Keith recently retired from the role of Chairperson of the International Humanitarian Law Committee of the Australian Red Cross (NSW).
Global recognition: He has also been a member of the prestigious Club of Rome since 1993. The Club is ‘an informal association of independent leading personalities from politics, business and science, men and women who are long-term thinkers interested in contributing in a systemic, interdisciplinary and holistic manner to a better world. The Club of Rome members share a common concern for the future of humanity and the planet.’ The club has only 100 members, with Mikhail Gorbachev among them.
Keith is a Life Member of the United Nations Association of Australia in recognition of his service. At various times from 1978 to 1999, he served as the National President of the organisation and took on the roles of WA and NSW State President.
Strategic roles: Keith was the President of the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (1991–98) at the University of Sydney, and was a consultant on social policy with the Wesley Mission for 17 years. In addition, he served as a consultant for a number of other organisations with a focus on local and international issues. He is also an active member of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.
Media roles: He frequently appears on radio and television discussing politics and international affairs. He has been, for many years, the foreign affairs editor on Channel 7’s Sunrise program.
Renowned author: Among Keith’s many books are All about Terrorism: Everything you were afraid to ask, as well as Global Order and Global Disorder: Globalization and the Nation-State and 50 Things You Want to Know About World Issues … But Were Too Afraid to Ask.

Susan Wearne
Susan Wearne is a general practitioner (GP) and senior adviser to the Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care regarding rural health and health professional education. She trained at Southampton University in England and completed general practice training in Northamptonshire and back home in Cheshire. She owned a practice in York, England, and worked at the Aboriginal Medical Service in Alice Springs and for the Royal Flying Doctor Service at Ayers Rock Medical Centre. She has extra qualifications in child health, women’s health, family planning, primary health care and medical education and now works as a GP in Canberra.
Susan is a Clinical Associate Professor at Australian National University and has published over 40 peer-reviewed articles on general practice and medical education. The fourth edition of her textbook Clinical Cases for General Practice Exams was published in 2019. She held educational leadership positions in the Northern Territory before taking on national roles for the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and General Practice Education and Training. She works in the Health Workforce Division which manages general practice training and other programs that promote Australians’ access to qualified health professionals. She was medical lead for the soon to be released Australian National Medical Workforce Strategy.
Susan’s husband, Tim Henderson, is the eye surgeon at Alice Springs Hospital. Their daughter and her family live in England and their son works in Adelaide. Between flights home to Alice, Susan swims, makes clothes and enjoys the scenery on the lake as she learns to row.

Justin Yeung
Justin is a consultant emergency physician by training. He has had a number of leadership positions in WA Health – director roles in emergency medicine (Royal Perth Hospital, Albany Health Campus and WA Country Health Service) and medical services (Great Southern region of Western Australia). He is currently Medical Director of the WA Country Health Service Command Centre, which incorporates a number of 24/7 clinical streams in acute telehealth – emergency, inpatient medicine, mental health, obstetrics and midwifery, palliative care and acute patient transfer coordination. Justin splits his time between Perth and Albany, and still maintains clinical exposure working in the Emergency Telehealth Service and locums in regional Western Australia. To add some spice to the year, Justin has started postgraduate studies in health care leadership. He’s also an oft-stung beekeeper.
From humble beginnings as a limited-hours, weekend-only, single-doctor emergency consultation service for a handful of small country hospitals in Western Australia (WA), the WA Country Health Service Command Centre is approaching a 10-year milestone of providing specialist-led clinical consultation directly to rural patients using video-enabled technology. The Emergency Telehealth Service (ETS) has grown into a 24/7 virtual emergency department, managing more than 27,000 consultations in 2021. The range of clinical services available to support our regional clinicians using telehealth has expanded to include inpatient care (2018) and mental health (2019), obstetric and midwifery, palliative care and, most recently, transfer coordination (all commenced in 2022). We will present an overview of our 10-year journey, highlight areas of innovation and success, as well as outline challenges we have and continue to face.
Plenary sessions
Opening Session:
Julieanne Gilbert MP
Assistant Minister for Health and Regional Health Infrastructure, Queensland – Welcome to Brisbane
Emma McBride MP
Federal Member for Dobell, Assistant Minister for Rural and Regional Health
Plenary Session 1:
Russell Roberts
Australian Journal of Rural Health
Editor in Chief 2017–21 – AJRH 30 Years
Jason Waterford
HESTA Australia Ltd
Plenary Session 4:
Helen Haines MP
Independent Federal Member for Indi
Closing remarks:
Stephen Gourley
Deputy Chair, National Rural Health Alliance
Concurrent presenters
Katherine Lamont
Katherine Lamont is a Senior Project Officer in Clinical Telehealth Development for WA Country Health Service (WACHS). Katherine has had a long and varied career in country health, both as a physiotherapist and in her current project officer role, which has given her a wide and encompassing knowledge and understanding of rural and remote allied health issues and trends, both state and national. Katherine is particularly passionate about supporting allied health professionals in the country and increasing their opportunities for further education and training.
TeleLymphoedema: using telehealth to provide collaborative sustainable care, closer to home
Lymphoedema is a common side effect of cancer treatments, with approximately 20 per cent of patients treated for breast, melanoma, gynaecological or prostate cancers impacted by malignancy-related lymphoedema.
Lymphoedema requires lifelong management and complex cases often require management by specialist lymphoedema practitioners. Access to lymphoedema services varies significantly across country Western Australia (WA), with many patients facing the challenges of travelling long distances and time away from home to access specialist support.
Rural workforce shortages and turnover of trained allied health staff further impact provision and continuity of local lymphoedema services for WA country patients. Developing a sustainable model of care requires a combination of upskilling rural therapists, providing access to specialist support through establishment of tertiary hospital pathways and building a sustainable funding model to ensure continuity of service following cessation of project funding.
The TeleLymphoedema Project aims to provide timely and equitable access to specialist lymphoedema support, closer to home, provided by a skilled rural workforce, with input from metro-based lymphoedema specialists using telehealth.
A pilot service was implemented, involving an ‘in-person’ patient consultation with a generalist physiotherapist or occupational therapist at selected WA Country Health Service (WACHS) sites, with support from a specialist lymphoedema physiotherapist or occupational therapist from Fiona Stanley Hospital (FSH) via telehealth providing both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary care. All participating WACHS clinicians completed online lymphoedema education and videoconference upskilling sessions prior to seeing patients and completed a practical face-to-face component of training.
Telehealth technology and dedicated links with metropolitan lymphoedema specialists can be used to bridge social distance and support country allied health staff to provide high-quality lymphoedema management and better patient outcomes at rural hospitals, closer to home for country patients. This pilot service has provided over 80 episodes of care to patients since commencement in November 2019, with other patient-related benefits including reduction in travel, time away from home/work/family and travel associated costs. The service will transition to business as usual over the next 12 months with current funding arrangements a mix of seed and activity-based funding.
Key learnings to date:
- Importance of recording quality data to capture activity to identify a sustainable funding model and transition of a proof of concept service to business as usual environment.
- Benefits of engaging consumers and key stakeholders in the early development of the service to determine best practice and ensure that the service meets the needs of the patient and community.
Erika Langham
No biography provided.
Evaluation of the Nukal Murra Health Support Service
This presentation will outline the findings of a formative evaluation of the Nukul Murra Health Support Service (NMHSS) against the aims and objectives of the Integrated Team Care (ITC) program. The NMHSS is a formal Alliance Agreement between Western Queensland Primary Health Network (WQPHN), Queensland Aboriginal and Islander Health Council (QAIHC) and the four Aboriginal and Islander Community Controlled Health Services (AICCHs) operating within the region. ITC is funded through the Alliance under a co-commissioning model that aims to: improve the comprehensiveness of chronic disease management for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the Western Queensland catchment; provide supplementary health support services for eligible clients where these services are not available and/or affordable; ensure spending is prioritised for those with complex care needs and high vulnerability; ensure universal access across the whole catchment; ensure consistent interpretation and application of the ITC guidelines; and ensure all GPs and general practice networks understand how to access the program and ensure referral processes and model of care are integrated into practice workflows. The evaluation relied on multiple data sources and considered process, outcome and economic indicators. A participatory design was adopted to ensure the inclusion of organisational knowledge, an understanding of the local context and to maximise the value of findings.
Muriel Lepesteur
Dr Muriel Lepesteur has a long track record in academia, the industry and government agencies. She is currently the Senior Health Risk Advisor – Microbial of the Environmental Public Health Unit at the Environment Protection Authority Victoria. She contributes to policies in relation to microbial risks and develops relevant guidelines across all segments of the environment. As a technical expert, Muriel is also a Member of the NHMRC Recreational Water Quality Advisory Committee, where she chairs the Microbial Risks subcommittee. She also holds a position of Adjunct Associate Professor of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University).
Muriel is a member of the Working Group for the Victorian AMR Strategy, and the Chairman of its Environment and Waste Technical Advisory Group. The strategy relies on a One Health approach that encompasses human, animal and environmental health. She also sits on the steering committees for several research projects covering various segments of the environment, ranging from organic waste recycling to recreational waters.
Environmental antimicrobial resistance in rural Victoria
Antibiotics have been widely overused and misused, contributing to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR is a serious threat to human and animal health, with significant social and economic impacts.
Most research on AMR to date has focused on human and animal health. However, little is known about AMR in the environment and the resulting human and animal health impacts. A One Health cross-sector and transdisciplinary approach – at local, regional, national and global levels – is required to achieve best health outcomes, recognising the interconnection between people, animals, plants and their shared environment.
In rural settings, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms arising from domestic, agricultural and other activities means that more information is needed to assess and manage AMR risk. Standard methods, monitoring targets and understanding the fate of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes from agricultural, urban and other environmental sources, must be developed to protect communities, users of the environment and food production.
The types and amounts of AMR genes present in manure, water and sediment from several catchments were investigated to provide information on key AMR genes in rural Victoria. The selected catchments host a variety of land uses. Transects were selected to incorporate areas where agricultural industries included cattle and poultry production, and aquaculture. Some transects progressed from closed catchments through a range of land uses to downstream high-density urban areas. Other transects were shorter and chosen to focus on specific agricultural uses, such as aquaculture.
Penicillin, tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes were consistently detected in river waters and sediments. Animal waste from a small number of samples analysed exhibited a similar subset of resistance genes.
Some genes increased in absolute abundance from upstream to downstream. Penicillin resistance genes increased from the upstream closed catchment to downstream metropolitan sites, passing through agricultural and urban areas on the way, with the presence of hotspots in some areas.
The penicillin resistance gene (blaTEM) and antiseptic resistance gene (qacE) were identified as potential candidate genes for AMR pollution monitoring. The gene intI-1, which is indicative of multidrug resistance, was indicative of some hotspots, but its abundance was not consistently correlated with genes such as blaTEM and qacE. This project confirmed that the environment, humans and animals are intrinsically linked in rural settings, and underpins the importance of the need for multi-sector AMR stewardship and surveillance as actions in one sector or area can potentially impact others.
David Lim
David is currently undertaking higher degree research with the Digital Health CRC at Curtin University, School of Population Health. He is an experienced pharmacist and maintains registration with a demonstrated history of working in the community, hospital and the healthcare sector. He is also a strong professional who holds a master’s degree in Health Administration with Distinction from Curtin University. His research interests are improving healthcare systems; population health; data analytics; health policy, planning and evaluation; and politics and power in public health.
Reviewing and managing chronic kidney disease to improve outcomes
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem that affects about one in 10 adults, with one in three adults at risk of developing CKD. Up to 90 per cent of individuals with CKD go undetected until it reaches advanced stages, invariably leading to death. There is a disproportionate CKD burden among disadvantaged populations, including those who live in rural and remote regions, where the incidence of treated cases of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is 3.5 times as high compared with those living in major cities. It was also reported that Indigenous adults were twice as likely to have biomedical signs of CKD as non-Indigenous adults, and the burden of treated ESKD was almost seven times that of non-Indigenous counterparts. Health systems cannot sustain the rising cost to manage CKD, coupled with the rising burden of disease, and this is particularly challenging in Western Australia (WA) where there is a high rural and remote population and associated obstacles to equitable provision of and access to care. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify paths for detection and early intervention to improve economic and health outcomes of CKD.
This project aims to fill in information gaps in the burden of CKD in the WA population, including incidence, prevalence, rate of progression, risk factors and economic cost to the health system. Privacy-preserving record linkage (PPRL) will be used to link data from four major pathology providers in WA to hospital admission data, to establish a continuous medical record for individuals with biochemical specification for CKD. A range of statistical and machine-learning techniques, including survival analysis, neural networks, Markov models and pattern sequence mining, will be used to gain insight into potential areas of intervention or improved management. Outcomes will help to map the burden of CKD in rural and remote regions in WA, which will inform better resource allocation, identify groups at risk and help to reduce variation in care across the population.
This project is a four-year partnership between Curtin University, La Trobe University, the WA Department of Health, WA Country Health Services, WA Primary Health Alliance and funded by the Digital Health Cooperative Research Centre.
Ashleigh Lown
Ashleigh Lown is in the penultimate year of her medical degree (BMedSci/MD) from the University of New England as part of the Joint Medical Program (JMP), undertaking clinical placement within the Central Coast Local Health District in New South Wales. She completed her Bachelor of Medical Radiation Science (Nuclear Medicine) with distinction in 2017.
The authors of this paper are Ashleigh Lown, Mariam El-Masry, Thomas Gardiner, Kevin Devlal, Dr Arron S Veltre and Dr Mohammad Hamiduzzaman. A group of final-year medical students completing their Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree within the JMP, through the University of New England and the University of Newcastle, were supervised by Dr Mohammad Hamiduzzaman and Dr Arron Veltre. The students came from a variety of backgrounds including nuclear medicine, medical science, health science and civil engineering. They have since fostered an interest in the wellbeing of their colleagues and the impact of rural location. Dr Hamiduzzaman is a research fellow at the University of Newcastle Department of Rural Health. Dr Arron Veltre is a palliative care consultant at Manning Base Hospital and Clinical Dean of the Manning Base Clinical School.
Wellbeing and role satisfaction of final-year medical students: impact of rurality
Background: Medical students experience high rates of psychological distress in their final years. However, the causes of distress in medical students across rural and metropolitan areas remain under-investigated. We, therefore, aim to identify and compare wellbeing of the final-year medical students, by investigating the association between role satisfaction and wellbeing measures and the impact of rurality.
Methods: A cross-sectional email survey was distributed to 101 final-year medical students in the Joint Medical Program (JMP) at clinical sites within Hunter New England Local Health District, New South Wales. Wellbeing was explored using a 24-item British Broadcasting Company Subjective Wellbeing scale (BBC-SWB) and role satisfaction was measured using a 36-item job satisfaction survey (JSS). Data was collected via REDCap, resulting in 30 completed surveys. Data was analysed descriptively in SPSS.
Results: Of the participants, 53% were female and 64% were 22–25 years old. About 53% participants were located at a rural clinical school and, of them, 71% preferred rural sites. The majority of students (67%) did not grow up or complete high school in a rural location. The sum mean-scores of wellbeing were similar between metropolitan and rural participants (M:7.2, M:7.6 respectively [1-10]). Whether or not the participant was placed at preferred clinical school had negligible impact on these scores. The poorest wellbeing scores were observed in younger, single participants (M:6.3, M:7.2). Domains of physiological wellbeing in students scored a lower mean-score than psychological wellbeing. Questions on job satisfaction found higher satisfaction associated with the domains of co-workers (M:17.8), supervision (M:18.1) and nature of work (M:16.8), while a lack of satisfaction within promotion opportunities (M:11.9) and fringe benefits (M:12.7). Rural-based participants reported directionally higher scores in all areas associated with job satisfaction in comparison to metropolitan participants, further survey responses would be required to confirm statistical significance.
Conclusion: Contrary to student preferences for placements, metropolitan areas were not associated with higher satisfaction ratings. The results indicate an importance of strengthening employee assistance programs and student mental health support to improve the students’ wellbeing and satisfaction, particularly in young and single students in metropolitan and rural areas.
Georgina Luscombe
Dr Georgina Luscombe an Associate Professor in Medical Statistics at the School of Rural Health, University of Sydney. This position involves supporting the school’s research agenda and actively undertaking research, providing advice and training others in statistics and research methods. This role reflects the need to build research capacity in rural and regional areas. She has extensive skills and experience in medical and allied health research, with a broad research background. Her main areas of expertise are in research design and statistics, and main research interests are youth health and Aboriginal health.
Marginalised rural and urban youth: use of online health programs and apps
Background: Rural young people experience higher disease burden and face greater challenges accessing health care compared with metropolitan young people. The virtual health revolution has seen an increase in young people’s use of online programs and apps to support their health. While the potential of these technologies for rural communities is profound, little is known about whether, how and which online programs and apps rural young people are using.
Methods: The Access 3 study explored how 12- to 24-year-olds in New South Wales accessed health care and used technology to find health information and services. Marginalised young people were purposively sampled (including rural, homeless, sexuality and/or gender diverse, of refugee and/or Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander background). This analysis used data from the Access 3 cross-sectional questionnaire to explore differences by location of residence (‘urban’ versus ‘rural’) and need for health care.
Results: Questionnaires were completed by 1,416 young people during 2016–17, including 34 per cent (478) living rurally. Physical and mental health were similar between urban and rural respondents, however urban respondents were significantly more likely to have visited a doctor or GP in the six months prior (83% vs 79%, p<0.05). Rural respondents were significantly less likely to have internet access (93% vs 98%; p<0.001) or own a mobile phone with internet access (81% vs 90%; p<0.001).
Twenty-seven per cent (383) of young people reported using an online program or app to manage their health during the six months prior. Of those who commented on the type of online program or app, the most common were related to mental health (14%), fitness (8%), nutrition (7%) and period tracking (7% of females). There were similar overall rates of health app use between rural and urban respondents (26% vs 28%), but consistent trends of lower use of particular online programs/app types among rural respondents. Three-quarters (74%; 281/380) of the sample who had recently used online programs or apps agreed they were useful, and a similar proportion that they would recommend them (73%; 277/379).
Discussion/conclusions: Uptake of online programs and apps among marginalised Australian adolescents is lower than observed in other representative samples, but the types of apps accessed are similar. There does not appear to be lesser uptake in rural young people, despite lower rates of internet access and lower mobile phone ownership. Patterns of use of online health tools by young people remain relatively unknown, despite the need for an evidence base to inform policy and guide health providers.